Analysis Of The Article What Happened When Michael Brown

Introduction – The article that I chose is from CNN titled â€Å"What Happened When Michael Brown Met Officer Darren Wilson† by Rachel Clarke and Christopher Lett (http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2014/08/us/ferguson-brown-timeline/). A couple of months ago, Ferguson, Missouri, was just a little suburb right outside the well-known city of St. Louis, but just recently, it seems that it is all you hear and read about. On the ninth day in August of the year two thousand and fourteen in Ferguson, Missouri, Officer Darren Wilson, a white police officer, shot and killed an unarmed black male by the name of Michael Brown at the young age of eighteen. The article talks about two different sides of the story; one from the witnesses point and the other from law enforcement and a family friend of Officer Wilson. As to every story, there are always three sides to every story. According to what the witnesses say, Brown and his friend Dorian Johnson, were walking down the street after stopping at a local Ferguson Market and Liquor store, when they were stopped by Officer Darren Wilson. Johnson told to CNN that Officer Wilson had stopped the two young men when walking home from the market and had told them to either â€Å"Get the f*** on the sidewalk† or â€Å"Get the f*** out of the street.† (Clarke and Lett 2014). The young men replied that they were only a short minute away from where they were heading and that they would shortly be out of the streets (Clarke and Lett 2014). Johnson’s side of the storyShow MoreRelatedExecution and Results in a Crisis Situation1365 Words   |  6 PagesShane article, several leaders are mentioned including President George W. Bush, Homeland Security Chief Michael Chertoff, and FEMA Director Michael D. Brown. Briefly evaluate each of these leaders on their overall effectiveness at Managing Execution and Driving for Results. Manage Execution is the way for a manager to designate, cooperate, monitor, and keep up the assignment (Quinn, 2007). Drive for results is the way to achieve the goal with others and through others (Quinn, 2007). Mr. Brown isRead MoreMedia Report : Ferguson On The Ultimate Struggle Over Race, Power And Privilege3021 Words   |  13 PagesNews Media Report: Ferguson in the Ultimate Struggle over Race, Power and Privilege. By: Keepa Karmacharya For: Professor Thobani Due: October 23rd, 2014 GRSJ 306 Introduction This essay argues that the shooting of Michael Brown and subsequent events in Ferguson, Missouri, cannot be fully understood outside the context of the social, historical, political and economic ideologies that shape the United States. I chose to critique two news reports each from different news sources, including The NewRead MoreThe Problem Of Police Brutality1509 Words   |  7 Pagespolice officer, as it was the students fault. Another circumstance in which a deputy was accused of police brutality is the Michael Brown vs Officer Darren Wilson case. The basis of this case is that Michael Brown, age 18, was shot and killed by Officer Darren Wilson, age 28, in Ferguson, Missouri. Around 11:53 AM, Wilson was informed via police broadcast of a robbery that happened a just few moments earlier. As he was driving to the convenience store for back-up, he spotted two young men described asRead MoreHow The Media Shapes The Public Discourse Of Crime1344 Words   |  6 Pages Hannah M. Lahodny March 6th, 2015 || CMJS 2003 Examples and Analysis of How the Media Shapes the Public Discourse of Crime Whether through social media, televised news, or newspapers, most people are exposed to some sort of news media every day. It is the responsibility of the media to inform the public about what is happening in the world around us, and more often than not, that includes reporting crime. If the media is the source of our information, they have the power toRead MoreIs Marketing Art or Science1647 Words   |  7 PagesMarketing has defined as â€Å"a social and managerial process whereby individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others† (Kotler, P. Armstrong, G., 2001, p. 6). â€Å"Marketing is the anticipating, management, and satisfaction of demand through the exchange process. It involves goods, services, organization, people, place, and ideas.† (Evans, R. Berman 2007, p. 7). It might never arise to manager that they could be accountants or CFOsRead MoreThe True Power Of Music1181 Words   |  5 Pagesperforms, for example a worker performing their daily tasks but when they break that system they may be unsure what to do with their extra time. Even though we might disagree in the invention of music but we could both agree on that music brings people together. On the other hand, Tom de Castella, a writer for BBC News Magazine, would argue, ‘It can be lonely travelling through public space and using music warms it up,’ [Prof Michael Bull]. The downside is that while the individual feels warmer -Read MoreRemembering A Forgotten War By Donald R. Essay1357 Words   |  6 Pagesthan the creation of the Military Training Academy. This happened when he together with his successor refused to negotiate with the Britons on realistic terms. By doing so, he depended on commercial sanctions that destroyed the economy and diminished revenues. Retaliating and unforgiving, the Jeffersonian Republicans declined to match ends and means and were therefore unable to create a viable deterrent or option to war. According to Michael J. Crawford â€Å"US Navy Petty Officers in the Era of theRead MoreThe Possible Emergence Of A Cold War With Russia2423 Words   |  10 PagesArticle 1: Summary: This article from The Post and Courier discusses the possible emergence of another Cold War with Russia. Concerns regarding the emergence of such a war arose following a meeting that occurred in mid-April between Russia and NATO. During this meeting, Russia reportedly condemned the actions taken by NATO in order to strengthen its defenses in Eastern Europe by stating that they were â€Å"a threat to Russia.† Concern has also risen after Russia’s talk regarding the use of nuclearRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racial Profiling903 Words   |  4 Pagesethnicity, religion or national origin. This is similar to criminal or offender profiling, the analysis of a persons psychological and behavioural characteristics, so as to assess whether they are likely to have committed a crime under investigation. Both seem to be similar, but make no mistake that racial profiling is illegal, immoral, and irrational. Racial profiling should not be the only thing used when making an arrest be cause there are other means to root out potential suspects. Jamil JivaniRead MoreRobyn Rihanna Fenty: The Game of Fame1699 Words   |  7 Pages Rihanna’s sexual behaviors in her videos have been talked about in negative ways for some time now, but what [eople do not understand is that it is all for fame. Celebrities will do anything to keep their career going strong. If one really took the time out to take a deep look at Rihanna, they will notice how humble she really is. After going through the abusive relationship with Chris Brown, Rihanna has struggled with gaining that strong confidence with who she is. Her critics believe that she

Human Evolution Essay - 1020 Words

Human Evolution When people take a look at African history in general many topics and ideas come to mind. How the people of Africa lived, how they developed civilizations and cultures, and how their oral traditions came about are just a few examples. When I am trying to learn about different groups of people and different areas of the world I most likely start at the very beginning of their existence. Africa being the origin of man and the home for the majority of developments of early humans suggests that human evolution is an extremely import topic in African history today. Keeping this in mind it is obvious that if any elements from our African Civilizations class should be required taught in U.S. high schools, the origin of man†¦show more content†¦These were vital to their progress, transformation to humans, and were evident during the early ape, Australopithecus as well as the later Homo existence. Even though there have been many archaeological findings that have provided useful information on this subject, there is still a lot that remains unanswered. There still remains a missing link in the change from monkeys to humans.† Recent research, however, has provided so many ‘links’ in the form of fossil evidence that one scholar has remarked:† It would be far more truthful to say that it is the chain that is missing whilst the links exist.†(( Posnanksy in Zamani, 1974, pg.53) -Shillington 2). If America wants to make progress in this area, requiring this subject to be taught in high schools would be a very positive step. The more students that are educated about evolution at a young age, the more there will be who seek professions in this field as adults. A new generation of talented and highly qualified scientists in this area would propel the world closer to finding explanations and answers in the future. Even though no one can see or feel it, we as humans are in the process evolving right now. Human evolution is inevitable, and will not stop unless the world comes to an end. Learning about human evolution, in a since, is learning about yourself and how we came to be. Keeping this in mind, I feel that studentsShow MoreRelatedEvolution And Its Impact On Human Evolution910 Words   |  4 Pages Humans have gone through many stages of adaptation, allowing for great expansion and our unrivaled dominance of the earth. So it could seem as though humans have reached the peak of evolutionary development. Evolution is often thought of as a natural process, and were it not for humans, this might be true. However, evolution, in the strictest sense, is a change in the genetic structure of a population (Jurmain, et al., 5). While natural selection is a major contributor to the process of evolutionRead MoreThe Evolution Of Human Evolution1103 Words   |  5 PagesHuman evolution according to research started over 6 million years ago. The outcome of the evolution process is the current human beings. Scientific studies have revealed over the years a remarkable affinity between the chimpanzees/Apes and human beings. Even though this reality is not a definitive prove that human beings evolved from apes, it does show that the human beings are in one way or another related to other primat es. Scientists suppose that the humans and the primates shared a commonRead MoreEvolution And Its Effect On Human Evolution1826 Words   |  8 Pages It is the key to our evolution is very much correct. Beneficial mutation can be a next step of human evolution as people get more adapted to their environment, greatly increasing their chance of successfully reproducing. Evolution is the process of the characteristics of an organism changing over a long period of time. There are two types of evolution: micro, where gene frequencies are shifted within the population, and macro, where a whole new species arises. Evolution occur through naturalRead MoreConvergent Evolution Of Human Evolution972 Words   |  4 Pagesinstance of human evolution has been detected among the peoples of East Africa. It is the ability to digest milk in adulthood, conferred by genetic changes that occurred as recently as 3,000 years ago, a team of geneticists has found.The finding is a striking example of a cultural practice — the raising of dairy cattle — feeding back into the human genome. It also seems to be one of the first instances of convergent human evolution to be documented at the genetic level. Convergent evolution refers toRead MoreThe Evolution Of Humans And Humans978 Words   |  4 PagesHumans have existed on Earth for approximately 3.4 million y ears. The oldest known human ancestor is Lucy, an Australopithecus. Over this extensive period of time, humans have evolved significantly. Homo Sapiens have grown from 3 to almost 6 feet (average), lost most of the body hair, became leaner and adapted to walking. Humans have come a long way, from Australopithecus to Homo sapiens, from living in trees to living in cities. Slowly, through hundreds of thousands of years, we mutated over andRead MoreEvolution of Human3142 Words   |  13 PagesHuman evolution is the biological and cultural development of humans. A human is any member of the species Homo sapiens, meaning wise man. Since at least the Upper Paleolithic era, some 40,000 years ago, every human society has devised a creation myth to explain how humans came to be. Creation myths are based on cultural beliefs that have been adopted as a legitimate explanation by a society as to where we came from. The science of paleoanthropology, which also tries to create a narrative aboutRe ad MoreHuman Evolution2755 Words   |  12 PagesHuman Evolution Human Evolution, the biological and cultural development of the species Homo sapiens, or human beings. A large number of fossil bones and teeth have been found at various places throughout Africa, Europe, and Asia. Tools of stone, bone, and wood, as well as fire hearths, campsites, and burials, also have been discovered and excavated. As a result of these discoveries, a picture of human evolution during the past 4 to 5 million years has emerged. Human Physical Traits Humans areRead MoreThe Evolution Of The Human Body989 Words   |  4 PagesThe evolution of the human body can be observed from studying the intermediates found in ancestral organisms. Shubin proposes that every attribute that makes us human can be traced back to a time that showcases its importance for survival. Every single trait in the human body has been selected for through multiple mechanisms of evolution, natural selection being one of them. This theory is intriguing because not long ago it was unheard of to relate humans to fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, andRead MoreThe Evolution Of Human Origins1179 Words   |  5 PagesInitial ideas of human origins are reflected in the ancient mythologies. Later on, religious versions of human origins appeared. One of the most popular religious theory is creationism. According to it God had created men and everything else in the world. There are two types of creationism, young earth creationism and old earth c reationism . Ancient philosophy first proposed ideas of the natural origins of men. Most of its ideas were speculative. It was the product of the ancient philosophers` imaginationRead MoreThe Evolution Of The Human Body996 Words   |  4 Pagesinformation website is primarily focused on the evolution of the human body. The web source provides various selections to choose from, including: the human evolution summary, timeline, hall of skulls, and their perspectives. Likewise, the human evolution page describes the fossil hominids and their origins. The author recapitulates the hominid family, which consists of Homo, Australopithecus, and Ardipithecus. Correspondingly, the human evolution timeline page includes six distinct topics that follow

BC Goverment And Suicide Essay Research Paper free essay sample

B.C. Goverment And Suicide Essay, Research Paper Since the 1800th century, and the Industrial Revolution, self-destruction rates have drastically risen, stealing lives from around the universe. Perceived properties of self-destruction and what to make about it have varied with each clip and topographic point ; nevertheless, self-destruction has continued to demand a relentless toll. Few people can get away being touched by the calamity of self-destruction in their life-time. For those who lose person near as a consequence of self-destruction, the emotional injury neer departs. The British Columbia authorities must supply heartache counselors and other trained professionals to any household with an attempted or existent self-destruction, to salvage the lives of those who are potentially self-destructive, to assist the grieving households cope with their traumatic experience, and make a better state to populate in. Grief counselors and households can forestall self-destructions. Every adult male, adult female, and kid deserves to populate in a strong, safe and unafraid state: To help in the bar of self-destructions, the authorities of British Columbia must be committed to guaranting that instruction and bar of self-destruction is a top precedence, ( Brewin 1 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on BC Goverment And Suicide Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 1999, British Columbia saw 1780 deceases from accidents and Acts of the Apostless of force ( Internet, Vital Statistics ) . Of those deceases, one in four was due to suicide. In British Columbia entirely, from 1994 to 1998, 2,558 deceases resulted from self-destruction ( Internet, Vital Statistics ) . The national decease rate from self-destruction in 1999 across Canada rose to 15 per 100,000 ( Internet, Statistics Canada ) , stand foring the annihilating loss of lives due to suicide. Lifes that could hold been saved. Second, grief counselors would supply aid to households get bying with self-destructive household members. Suicide is linked to mental unwellness and substance maltreatment. Potentially effectual intervention programmes exist for both ; nevertheless, the stigma of mental unwellness and substance maltreatment frequently inhibits people from seeking aid. The black stigma of self-destruction itself creates a barrier in effectual intervention for people who have suicidal ideas or who have attempted self-destruction. Family members of self-destructive people frequently hide the behavior from friends and relations because they experience guilt and fright of opinion from others. Those who have survived the self-destruction of a loved one frequently suffer non merely the heartache of loss but the added hurting stemming from the stigma. Finally, with a proper pre-determined provincial self-destruction grudge system in topographic point, the British Columbia authorities would supply a better state to populate in. In the wake of self-destruction, a degree of confusion and desolation exists that, for the most portion, goes beyond description. The agony of self-destruction: is private and unexpressible, go forthing household members, friends, and co-workers to cover with an about unthinkable sort of loss, ( Brewin 1 ) .Families are left in a province of confusion after a self-destruction, oppugning themselves, inquiring why? , sing utmost degrees of choler and possibly guilt. Most household members feel they could hold prevented the self-destruction, and later experience responsible for the decease of their loved 1. Trained counselors and service workers would supply the specialised intervention needed to pull off the effects of self-destruction, furthermore, aid to make a better state to populate in. The British Columbia authorities must take duty and supply the much- needed resources to assist bereaved households cover with their loss. Family members must recognize that although they had no pick and no control over the self-destruction, they do hold a pick to last. Through trained persons, public instruction and runs on self-destruction, provincial and national conferences and suicide bar, the British Columbia authorities will conceivably cut down the rate of self-destructions, and in the procedure aid sorrowing households, furthermore, save British Columbia s most of import resource, people and their lives. Work Cited Brewin. M. Gretchen. Ministry for Children and Families. Available Online: www.mcf.gov.bc.ca/releases/2000/20023.htm. Coleman, William. Understanding Suicide. New York: David Cook Publishing Co, 1979. Grollman, Earl. Suicide: Prevention, Intervention, Post vention. New York: Beacon Press, 1971. Internet, Statistics Canada. Available Online: www.statcan.ca/english/Pgdb/People/Health/health30c.htm. Internet, Vital Statistics, Government of British Columbia. Available Online: www.vs.gov.bc.ca/stats/annual/1999/tab22.html.

African-American heritage Essays

African-American heritage Essays African-American heritage Essay African-American heritage Essay The two main characters are brothers of African-American heritage. The story of conflict is about how they come to know and understand each other. Sonnys older brother is 7 years his senior, and is the parental figure for Sonny, the older brother having made a promise to their dying mum that he would protect and parent Sonny. However, at the beginning of the story the brothers have been estranged for over a year, due to neither accepting the others values, goals and lifestyle. The older brother has a stable life and is married with children; he has become a responsible citizen as a school teacher. He has assimilated; whereas Sonny is a heroin addict jazz musician living a Bohemian life representative of the no good black.This is the 1950s in New York before the Civil Rights Movement when segregation was still practiced. The emphasis on jazz music through the story reflects the conflict between the brothers.Jazz music at the time was also dividing the African-A merican community in much the same way as the brothers were divided in approaches to life. The middle-class African-Americans is the group which the older brother falls into, they tended to downplay obvious barriers to their social successes (such as becoming a school teacher). The older brother, life many of the middle-class African-Americans at the time, wanted to believe that they could achieve high social status and standards of living, and was confident that hard work, sacrifice and perseverance would create a better and safer world for their children. This group of middle class African-Americans, like the older brother, were ready and willing to assimilate into white society fully, if they could be but given the chance. In sharp contrast, Sonny and African-Americans like him at the time (poor, unemployed, musicians and addicts) confront the status quo instead of accepting it. They perceive the struggle of the African-American to be an ongoing struggle of inequality and unaccep tance.Sonny and his cohorts sought radical social change to believe that they could ever enter access the opportunities and privileges of the white society. This divide between the brothers is highlighted when the older brother says to Sonny, Well, Sonny, you know people cant always do exactly what they want to do. Such as statement indicates the older brothers cautious and accountable way of approaching life; he willingly sacrifices his own wants and desires to that he can maintain his standing as a member of the middle-class. The older brother is worried for Sonny, he is afraid that Sonny will ultimately fail because he lacks ambition, perseverance and self-sacrifice. In response to his brother Sonny states, No, I dont know that. I think people ought to do what they want to do, what else are they alive for? This reveals Sonnys unacceptance of other people setting his goals and standards of success.Another time the brothers are watching a street musician and sonny is deeply moved b ey her ability, recognizing the deep pain experiences she must of experienced to sing as she does. Sonny is receptive to the pain of others and is transformed by it, drawing on it for his art. However, the older brother does not empathize at all with the singer or Sonnys interpretation of her music. It also contributes to the conflict between the brothers that the story is set around a war and the part the USA has to play in it. At this time, many African-Americans were seeking to prove their value and equality to their white cohorts. Volunteering to go to war however meant ongoing frustration of not obtaining their goal to prove their Americaness and of wanting to assimilate, which in turn have contributed to the brothers feelings of dissatisfaction and alienation.Eventually, by the end of the story the older brother is able to understand why Sonny is the person he is, and why he himself is the person he is. He reflects on the students in his algebra class and the poor circumstance s that they live in. He realises that these kids may not have the opportunities that he did, and that drugs and music can be a way to work through the pain for them. In trying to comprehend his brothers drug use and lifestyle the older brother questioned a friend of Sonnys who is an addict, Tell me, why does he want to die?   He must want to die, hes killing himself, why does he want to die? The friend surprises the older brother by stating thatHe dont want to die. He wants to live. Dont nobody want to die, ever. The conflict between the brothers resolves when the older brother realizes that Sonny does not want to live by anothers definition of what makes a meaningful life. He sees discrimination as a barrier to freedom and equates this with death. Hence, living the white way (right way) is living as a ghost dead.To deal with this living death, to navigate his life, Sonny (and others like him) use drugs, music and other arts to escape social death. The conflicts within the story for Sonny and his older brother (middle-class/bohemia; acceptable job/musician; sibling/parental; drug use/responsible, white/black) serve to highlight what it is that is of true value. And what makes freedom true. Sonny and his cohorts conflict with what freedom is not (handcuffed to regulations, standards and authority; segregation; inequality; profit; consumption).The multi-layer of conflict presents a real-world scenario of searching for meaning and purpose in life. Notably, Baldwin was a street preacher for many years, and his storyline reflects this influence in the conflicts between this pseudo parent-child dyad with the two brothers. Myths and legends involving two brothers are numerous and patterned around conflict; in the west the most prominent being Cain murdering Able. Across cultures, sibling conflict between brothers has been used to deliver moral messages of action and consequence, and a way of value to lead ones life. Perhaps the use of siblings in Baldwins story is to emphasize the personal nature of the conflict/s; the brothers then representing two parts of the self. Yin and yang (black and white) polarities are needed to create tension (conflict) which has gradients of resolution and disintegration (the brothers find understanding/WWII).By the end his brother realises that it is through his music of bebop jazz and blues that Sonny channels and works through his pain.They have been estranged for over a year and he reads about a drug raid in which Sonny is arrested. Through his anger the brother comes to understand his brother better. Following release form prison the older brother continues the protective role and takes Sonny into his home. He is fulfilling a promise to his mum to look after Sonny following her death. His ongoing relationship with Sonny has been fragile and intermittent. He misunderstands and mistrusts his brothers need for music, especially as it is so related to Sonnys heroin addiction which is only barely under control.

Organization Behavior and Management Space Shuttle Challenger

Organization Behavior and Management Space Shuttle Challenger Space Shuttle Challenger Orbiter History The Challenger was initially referred to as the STA-099. The shuttle was built to work as a test vehicle for the Space Shuttle program and was named after the HMS Challenger, which was a British Naval research vessel. The HMS Challenger sailed in the Atlantic Ocean as well as the Pacific Ocean during the 1870’s.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Organization Behavior and Management: Space Shuttle Challenger specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When the Challenger was built it underwent intensive vibration and thermal testing for a year. NASA awarded Rockwell, a Space Shuttle orbiter manufacturer, a contract in 1979 to build the Challenger by converting the STA-099. The Challenger arrived at the Kennedy Space Center in July 1982, and it became the second orbiter to be operation in the center. The Challenger had been designed to be a historic craft and many were optimistic it would outlive the rest. The Space Shuttle took its maiden flight on April, 1982 for the STS-6 mission, which saw the first ever space walk in the space shuttle program. The EVA (Extra Vehicular Activity) was done by Astronauts Donald Peterson and Story Musgrave. This lasted about four hours and it was also during this mission the first deployment of a Tracking and Data Relay System constellation was done. After completing nine successful missions, on January 28, 1986 the Challenger was launched on the STS-51L and after a mere 73 seconds it exploded killing all the seven crewmembers (NASA, 2011). This paper will look at the SHUTTLE 51-L MISSION, the organization that was involved in the Challenger project, the mechanical failure of the Space Shuttle Challenger, the organizational behavior and management shortcomings that contributed to the disaster and finally make organizational behavior and management changes that can be adopted to prevent a reoccurrence of the same disaster. D iscussion NASA Program As the Challenger Space Shuttle progressed, there was an increase in the demands being placed on NASA and this resulted to an increased risk of disaster (Jarman Kouzmin, 1990). The NASA team had a false sense of security having carried out 2Kramer, James, 1987 missions, which had been successful. Prior to the launch, there were many wrangles within NASA, and managers were working in a place with heavy overload and turbulence (Kramer James, 1987). The management at NASA was characterized with a disease full of decay and destruction (Kramer James, 1987 p.14).Advertising Looking for case study on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There was lack of a formal DSS program at NASA initialized before the launch for the shuttle operations. There were strong indications that decisions were being made through satisficing and short cuts. There were lots of compromise and operations were great ly affected. NASA was accused of having semi-uncontrolled decision making as they tried to satisfy the needs of the military, scientific community, industry and this led to the space shuttle being declared operational even before the development stage of the shuttle had been completed (Kramer, James, 1987). Decision making at NASA was done by default as there lacked DSS. The organizational structure at the program was political and manipulations were done to meet requirements of the political power. When the Reagan Administration declared the Space Shuttle â€Å"operational†, many employees at NASA lacked motivation and left with the impression that decision making on the project should be made by the political administration (Jarman Kouzmin, 1990). Employees began being complacent and safety of the shuttle was highly compromised, as they tried to keep the shuttle on schedule and satisfy the clients. This presents the situation at NASA prior to making the decision to launch the space shuttle (Dunbar Ryba, 2008). SHUTTLE 51-L MISSION (Challenger Flight) The 51-L mission was the 25th mission that NASA was going to undertake in its STS program. Shortly after launching the Challenger on 28, January 1986, the Challenger exploded mid air, destroying the vehicle and killing the entire seven crew members on the mission. This mission was aimed at deploying a second Tracking and Data Relay Satellite as well as the Spartan Halle’s Comet Observer. The mission was also going to be the first time there were observers or passengers participating in a program called NASA Teacher in Space Program ((Dunbar Ryba, 2008). S. Christa McAuliffe was one of the crew onboard and she was going to conduct live broadcasts that were going to be broadcasted to schools throughout the world (Dunbar Ryba, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Organization Behavior and Management: Space Shuttle Challenger specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The destruction of the Challenger and the loss of life had profound impact on the society and the way it viewed the Space program and particularly NASA. As this paper will discuss, the tragic decision that was made to allow the launching of STS 51-L was as a result of long term contributing factors that were further increased by bad or weak organizational behavior and management strategies. The outcome of this tragedy caused loss of life, resources and made people to mistrust the space program. Although the accident of the Challenger was blamed on the hardware failure of the SRB â€Å"O† ring (known as Solid Rocket Boost), the decision that was made by the management was also flawed. The decision was based on faulty organizational behavior and management and this was further aggravated by the mismanagement of initial information that suggested the launch be postponed (NASA, 2008). Other factors that besides organizational behavior and manag ement played a major role in contributing to the accident occurring. They included the demand NASA was getting from the political ruling class to deliver and launch on the scheduled day (NASA, 2008) The process of proving to the American people and the political system that there was need for a reusable space shuttle had begun in the 1960s. The Challenger was one of the ways that this could be proven and thus a lot of pressure and expectation was put on the program. Unlike the previous missions such as the Apollo, the Space Shuttle was going to be used in space operations without having a defined goal (Jarman Kouzmin, 1990 p. 3). This presents the first contributing factor in the Challenger’s accident. Without a defined role for use, the Challenger was going to be used as a utility vehicle for space operations and thus there lacked a strong support for the project, both financially and politically. In order to gain favor and political support for the project, the Challenger was sold and presented to the political elites as a quick payoff (Jarman Kouzmin, 1990 p. 8). The project also gained support by predicting that it could be used by the military as a means that could be used to enhance the national security. To the industry, it was sold as a commercial opportunity, where companies could offer clients an opportunity to visit space. Many scientists in the program told the American public that the Challenger Shuttle was going to be an American Voyage that was going to have great scientific gain (Jarman Kouzmin, 1990 p. 10). To the world, the Challenger project was sold as a partnership that was going to include the ESA (European Space Agency) as well as a means that was going to improve the relations between nations and bring together people of different nationalities, sex and races by serving as crew members during missions (McConnell, 1988).Advertising Looking for case study on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The process that was used to gain support in the economic, social and political arena for the space shuttle can be cited to be the second contributing factor that resulted to the accident (McConnell, 1988). There was use of heterogeneous engineering, which means that the engineering and management decisions in the project were structured in ways that were going to be appealing to the political, economic, and organizational factors rather than being structured into a single entity mission that was aimed at achieving specific goals (Jarman Kouzmin, 1990 p. 9). When the Space Shuttle became operational, it was faced with many operational demands from many people. It had to live up to the promises that had been given by NASA. This placed a lot of pressure on the management team as they tried to coordinate the needs of the military, political elites and the scientific community. The political pressure was to provide a space vehicle that was going to be reliable and could be reused. It w as also supposed to be difficult to achieve this as it was going to hinder the ability of creating an effective system for integration and development. It was also going to be infeasible to create a management support system that could cater for the diverse requirements. There was also a low moral within the NASA employee, which was created during the Reagan Administration when the shuttle was given the green light for operation even when the development stage had not been completed (Jarman Kouzmin, 1990). The American Congress expected that the Shuttle program was going to be financially self supportive after billions of dollars had been used to go to the moon (Jarman Kouzmin, 1990, p. 15). With this lack of support from Congress, NASA adopted and operated as a commercial business instead of a government program. It can therefore be concluded that the environment of the program prior to launching had been one mucked wih conflict, short cuts and managerial stress (Jarman Kouzmin, 1990, p.15). Mechanical failure of the Challenger Before the launching date, concerns had been raised about the integrity of carrying on with the launch when the temperatures were as lower than those expected for optimal performance. On a previous mission, 51-C, it had been noted that the booster joints were covered with soot and grease after launching on a cold weather. Tests were carried out in the laboratory on the effect of low temperatures on the O-ring resilience. It was recommended that they be replaced by steel billets and this would have meant a redesign of the field joint. By the time of the accident, the steel billets were not ready. Engineers at Alan McDonald made a presentation that detailed on the effects the cold weather was going to affect the booster performance. This was necessary because the temperatures of the launching date were expected to be lower than 350F. After the concerns were raised a meeting was convened and various heads and engineers attended. The pe ople in attendance included, engineers, top management of Marshal Space Flight Center, Kennedy Center, and Morton Thiokol. The meeting was called to discuss on the effect the cold weather was going to have on the mission especially the boosters’ performance. Engineers gave a clear presentation that argued that the cold weather would have a major effect on the joint rotator and the O- ring seating. The test carried out had only gone to a low of 530 F and this presented a problem of the unknown (Rogers’s, 1989). Thiokol provided NASA with information concerning the launch and thought that the low temperatures were going to affect the O-rings to a point they were going to be ineffective. The mission had been cancelled previously due to the cold weather and NASA was not ready for another cancellation (Kramer, James, 1987 p.23). Although information had been provided by a GDSS from another company showed that the O-rings were going to work under the predicted weather, engi neers from Thiokol were skeptical about the data they had inputted into the GDSS. This meant that NASA was relying on a GDSS that had flawed information (Kramer James, 1987). At this juncture, NASA asked for a definitive confirmation or rejection of the planned launch from Thiokol. The representatives from Thiokol responded by recommending the launch be delayed until the temperatures were favorable. NASA continued to pressure Thiokol to change their minds and NASA level three managers is reported to have retorted to the representatives, â€Å"My God, Thiokol, When do you want me to launch, next April?† (Kramer, James, 1987, p.7). It was after this that Thiokol representatives asked to be given time to rethink their recommendations. An engineer with Thiokol was asked to stop reasoning as an engineer and start thinking as a manager, which suggests that the group was placing organizational needs in front of safety of the shuttle. Thiokol representatives returned to the GDSS an d recommended that the launch be done as planned. When NASA asked if there was any objection to this no one from the GDSS objected. During the launch the O-ring were severely affected by the cold weather and this mechanical failure caused the accident and the eventual loss of the crewmembers (Kramer, James, 1987). Critical analysis of the organizational behavior and management shortcomings that contributed to the disaster The environment, organizational behavior and management which NASA and its developers operated in gave a large margin for human error. However, Thiokol and NASA had a chance to avert the accident during the GDSS meeting before the launch. The organizational behavior and management fallings can be attributed to the accident. First, the team especially Thiokol had prior knowledge that the O-ring was going to be affected by the cold weather months before the launching. However, the primary goal of the project was to meet the launch date. NASA warned about the problem , but it downplayed it. This presents the first element of the mismanagement of information and bad organizational behavior that resulted into the accident. Any suggestion and proposals of the launch-taking place were met with positive support from the management while all suggestions of delays were shot down without taking into consideration the risk involved in carrying out the launch (Turban, 1988). Third, there was a strong feeling among the people involved in the project management to live up to the promises made. Despite the fact that Thiokol engineers were skeptical about the planned launching, their management went ahead and agreed with the other members of the GDSS to continue with the launch (Turban, 1988). Fourth, there was bad organizational behavior and management on the part of Thiokol, because they agreed with the other teams although their engineers were telling them to stop the launch (Priwer, Philips, 2009). Fifth, all people involved in the top management of the project were afraid of how the political elites and the public would react if another cancellation was done. In the previous one year the launch had been postponed six times. Many in this group were starting to rationalize that if they had succeeded in the past they were as well going to succeed this time (United States Congress, 1986). Finally, the group as stated before was working with flawed data and even when Thiokol engineers began to question the integrity of this information, nobody took action. People in the GDSS meeting who were proposing that the launch be delayed were unwelcome and therefore the management had its mind made on the launching date. During the meeting, it was seen that NASA representatives were at times assertive and intimidate the other players to a point where they disregarded warnings given. The meeting is also faulted as a bad organizational behavior and management, because it was easy to downplay the personal opinions held by each member. Instead of th e speaker conversion, the meeting should have been held at a place where all members were present and maybe the outcomes would have been different. The GDSS failed the point where Thiokol asked to be given five minutes to conduct a private meeting. Before this point Thiokol had maintained that the launch should be cancelled, but after the private meeting it changed its mind. Conclusion The failure of the spaceship Challenger can be blamed on the organizational behavior. NASA has a variety of risk avoidance system. Their aim is to ensure that the missions are safe. NASA is one of the smallest federal agencies and operates under a strict budget of US$ 15 Billion (NASA, 2010). This removes any flexibility during risky situations. This agency has been known to be dependant to their history for decision making. Since their establishment in 1958, their main aim was to beat the Soviet Union spaceflights. Though their budget keeps being cut, they still stick to their mission. The cut costs made NASA realize that they could include the private business sector. This increased their pressure for success, which was also coming from the government. They had to research and develop the operations with limited time. NASA Budget in billions of American Dollar (NASA, 2010) The normalization of deviance is another short coming on the management of the NASA. This is a term, which is used to explain the way sometimes some technical flaws are not scrutinized by the various safety bodies over time. This is because they are both expensive and time consuming. Due to the pressure to produce, it is seen as absurd to spend resources on problems, which are not a risk (Launius, 1992). The postponing of the launch can be because of many reasons. Maybe the problem was the O-rings significance was not considered so much hence the problem with it was a minor one to them. The other reason would be, because the president was using the flight as a reference in his speech or maybe it was because of the much pressure, which was being exerted by both the private sector and the government. Recommendations Failures can happen no matter the safety systems applied. Though the cause of the failure was technical, the organizational failure caries a huge part in it. There are numerous things that NASA can do to avoid these types of organizational failures ever happening (Lewis, 1988). One of them is the Hierarchical power. Some of the managements personnel at the high posts have no interest in the hierarchy. Some of them would rather not make decisions that would jeopardize their work. The congress, a body of the NASA which offers regulatory oversight, has no desires to jeopardize the central district of NASA through their decisions. These are huge obstacles to the changes that should be made in the organizational behavior and management. They should create a way in which the engineers can have the ability of by passing the hierarchy and bureaucracy before launching unsafe missions . If the engineers had had their way during the Challengers disaster, the O-rings would have been replaced or the launch postponed. Though these activities would be very costly to NASA, it would not be as expensive as losing the crew and the vehicle (United States Congress, 1986). The bureaucratic procedures should be sometimes be exempted from getting some data. This is because hunch or intuitions which the engineers might have may take a long time to be researched on and analyzed (Hall, 2003). References Dunbar, B. Ryba, J. (2008). Kennedy Space Center. Web. Hall, J.L. (2003). Space Policy. Columbia and Challenger: Organizational failure of NASA. Berkley: University of California at Berkley. Jarman A. Kouzmin, A. (1990). Decision pathways from crisis. A contingency-theory simulation heuristic for the Challenger Shuttle disaster, Contemporary Crises. Kramer, C. James A. (1987). The Space Shuttle Disaster: Ethical Issues in Organizational Decision Making. Michigan: Western Michig an University Press. Launius, D. (1992). Toward an Understanding of the Space Shuttle: A Historiographical Essay. Air Power History, Winter. Lewis, R.S. (1988). Challenger; the final voyage. New Yolk: Columbia University press. McConnell, M. (1988). Challenger: A Major Malfunction. London: Routledge. NASA (2010). Kennedy Space Center. Web. NASA. (2008) Spacelink Challenger Press Release. Web. NASA. (2011). The Mission and the History of Space Shuttle Challenger. Web. Priwer,S. Philips,C. (2009). Space exploration for dummies. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Rogers’s commission. (1989). Report Of the President Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident. Washington DC. G.P.O Turban, E. (1988). Decision Support and Expert Systems, New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. United States Congress. (1986). Investigation of the Challenger Accident; Report of the Committee on Science and Technology, House of Representative, Ninety-Ninth Congress, Second Session. Washington: U.S. G .P.O.

Explain the role and significance of sponsorship in marketing an event Essay

Explain the role and significance of sponsorship in marketing an event and identify the positive and negative impacts associated - Essay Example The events provide the company with an opportunity of face-to-face interaction with the target customers who have grown and have become significant contributor towards the marketing communication program. Research studies have shown that about 22 percent of the total marketing budget is dedicated towards the sponsorship of events and activities (O'Connor, 2004). Sponsorship is defined as â€Å"the alignment of a brand with an activity in order to exploit the commercial potential created by the association, thereby positively impacting the brand image and/or sales amongst the sponsor’s target market, in order to attain marketing and corporate objectives† (Koekemoer, 2004, p. 456). In simple terms sponsorship can be defined as the provision of resources like equipment, people and money by an organization who acts as the sponsor, to the sponsoree or the beneficiary. As compared to the traditional advertising sponsorship acts as an alternative that provides opportunity for selling the product and services of the marketer and building brand image for the organizations. Sponsorship is a very powerful marketing tool. It has the capability to cut through the clutter, provide a unique opportunity to create relationship with the customers by producing emotional bondage with them and speak something rare as far as the business is concerned. This study focuses on gaining an in-depth knowledge regarding the role and importance of sponsorship and the negative and positive impacts it creates. Roles of Sponsorship The role that sponsorship plays can be understood from the objectives that the companies look for achieving through sponsorship. The success of sponsoring an event by the company is well defined by the objectives, evaluation of the end results and benefits that the organization enjoys. As per Andreff & Szymanski (2006), there are two types of objectives that can be classified as indirect and direct objectives. A dramatic change in the behavior of the ex isting and the new customers due to sponsorship is signified as direct objective. On the other hand indirect objective is signified by the increased visibility of the product and the brand, enhancement in the brand image and contact with the target segment. By accomplishing the indirect objectives the organization look for attaining growth in sales as the long term goal of the organization. Five significant principles of sponsorship objectives have been proposed by Jobber (2007). The objectives include gaining publicity, creating opportunities for entertainment, nurturing favorable company and brand association, enhancing the community relations and generating opportunities for promotion. Sponsorship provides an effective way to the organizations to promote their products, logos and brands; thus, providing opportunities for promotion. The company can use products like pens, sweatshirts and bags with their logos on them to create a wider recognition and retention among the audiences. Social responsibility is another reason that drives the company towards going for sponsorship. Companies engaged in sponsoring schools can create a socially responsible and caring image of the organizatio

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